Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Compartment syndrome is a limb-threatening emergency that occurs when pressure within a closed fascial compartment rises to a level that compromises tissue perfusion. Muscles and nerves within the compartment are encased in rigid fascia that cannot expand. When internal pressure increases (from bleeding, edema, or external compression), capillary perfusion ceases, leading to ischemia, necrosis, and permanent neurovascular damage if not relieved within 6 hours. The nurse must recognize early warning signs, perform frequent neurovascular assessments, and report changes immediately.