Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mineral density and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, resulting in fragile bones and increased fracture risk. Normally, osteoblasts (bone-building cells) and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) maintain bone homeostasis. In osteoporosis, osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, leading to net bone loss. This imbalance is accelerated by estrogen deficiency (postmenopause), aging, calcium/vitamin D insufficiency, and sedentary lifestyle. The nurse assists with fall prevention measures, monitors for fracture signs, reinforces dietary education, and administers medications as ordered.