Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) are hospital-based teams activated when a patient shows signs of clinical deterioration outside of ICU settings, aiming to prevent cardiac arrest and unplanned ICU transfer. The concept is based on evidence that patients exhibit warning signs 6-24 hours before cardiac arrest, and early intervention can prevent progression to arrest. RRT activation criteria typically include acute changes in heart rate (<40 or >130 bpm), respiratory rate (<8 or >28/min), systolic blood pressure (<90 mmHg), oxygen saturation (<90%), urine output (<0.5 mL/kg/hr for 2+ hours), acute change in mental status, and staff member concern about the patient ('worried' criterion). Any healthcare team member, including practical nurses, can activate the RRT. The RRT typically includes a critical care nurse, physician or nurse practitioner, and respiratory therapist who respond within minutes to assess and stabilize the patient.