Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Male infertility contributes to ~50% of infertile couples. Evaluation: semen analysis (WHO criteria: volume >1.5mL, concentration >15M/mL, motility >40%, morphology >4% normal). Common causes: varicocele (35-40%, most correctable cause), hypogonadism, genetic (Klinefelter 47,XXY, Y-microdeletion), obstructive (CBAVD associated with CFTR mutations). Workup: 2 semen analyses, FSH/LH/testosterone, scrotal ultrasound. Varicocele repair improves semen parameters in 60-70%.