Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Heart failure (HF) is characterized by neurohormonal activation (RAAS, sympathetic nervous system, ADH) that drives avid sodium and water retention, leading to volume overload with pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema, and elevated filling pressures. Diuretics are essential for relieving congestion, but their role in HF differs fundamentally from their use in hypertension. Loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide) inhibit the NKCC2 transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, which reabsorbs ~25% of filtered sodium. This makes them the MOST potent diuretics and the mainstay of HF congestion management. Key pharmacokinetic differences within the class matter clinically: furosemide has highly variable oral bioavailability (~50%, range 10-90%) that is WORSENED by gut edema in decompensated HF; bumetanide has more reliable absorption (~80%); torsemide has the most predictable bioavailability (~80%) AND the longest duration of action (12-16 hours vs. 6 hours for furosemide), which may reduce post-dose sodium rebound reabsorption. Thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, metolazone) inhibit the NCC transporter in the distal convoluted tubule, which reabsorbs only ~5% of filtered sodium. Thiazides are LESS potent than loops and are generally ineffective...