Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Cigarette smoke activates neutrophils/macrophages, releasing proteases (elastase) that destroy alveolar walls (Emphysema). Chronic Bronchitis involves goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus plugging. V/Q mismatch leads to hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Connect COPD: Cellular Mechanisms to bedside cues you will reassess first: vitals trends, work of breathing, perfusion, mentation, and pain or ischemic equivalents when relevant. Boards reward recognizing when subtle instability outweighs reassurance, then selecting nursing actions that protect airway, circulation, and neurologic status before routine tasks.