Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens. Viral pharyngitis (rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza, Epstein-Barr virus) accounts for the majority of cases. Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is the most important bacterial cause, being a gram-positive, beta-hemolytic organism with virulence factors including M protein, streptolysins, and hyaluronidase. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets, direct contact, and fomites with a 2–5 day incubation period. Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis can lead to serious complications including rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. The nurse monitors symptoms, administers medications as ordered, and reports signs of complications.