Pathophysiology
Clinical meaning
Meniere's disease is caused by endolymphatic hydrops — an excess accumulation of endolymph within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The increased pressure distends the scala media, distorting the mechanical properties of the basilar and Reissner membranes. Microperforations in the distended membranes allow mixing of potassium-rich endolymph with sodium-rich perilymph, creating ionic imbalances that disrupt hair cell function. This produces the classic triad of episodic vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus, often accompanied by a sensation of aural fullness. The nurse monitors symptoms, administers prescribed medications, maintains patient safety during acute episodes, and reports changes in hearing and vertigo patterns.